Wiring panel

MINIATURE FM TRANSMITTER

DIY Kit 51. MINIATURE FM TRANSMITTER
This FM transmitter is a minuature version of Kit 18 using
normal passive components. Components have been
squashed together as much as possible while still allowing
good access to the tuning capacitor. The PCB-etched
inductor of Kit 18 has been replaced by a small inductor.
To reduce the size any more you would have to use surface
mount components and a double sided PCB.
ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
Components may be added to the PCB in any order. First
identify the single EC24 inductor. It looks like a 1/2W
resistor. It goes in the location marked L. The electret
microphone should be inserted with the pin connected to
the metal case connected to the negative rail (that is, to the
ground or zero voltage side of the circuit.) This is marked
with a - sign at the MIC on the circuit board. Follow the
overlay to add the other components.
The battery snap must be connected with the Red lead
going to the 9V+ pad and the Black lead going to the - or
ground rail. Adding and removing the batteries acts as a
switch for the kit. Or you may add your own switch.


Connect a half or quarter wavelength length of hookup
wire (supplied by you) to the aerial point. At an FM
frequency of 100 MHz these lengths are 150 cm and 75 cm
respectively.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit is basically a radio frequency (RF) oscillator
that operates around 100 MHz (100 million cycles per
second). Audio picked up and amplified by the electret
microphone is fed into the audio amplifier stage built
around the first transistor. Output from the collector is fed
into the base of the second transistor where it modulates
the resonant frequency of the tank circuit (the inductor &
the tuning capacitor) by varying the junction capacitance of
the transistor. Junction capacitance is a function of the
potential difference applied to the base of the transistor.
The tank circuit is connected in a Hartley oscillator circuit.
The electret microphone: an electret is a permanently
charged dielectric. It is made by heating a ceramic
material, placing it in a magnetic field then allowing it to
cool while still in the magnetic field. It is the electrostatic
equivalent of a permanent magnet. In the electret
microphone a slice of this material is used as part of the
dielectric of a capacitor in which the diaphram of the
microphone forms one plate. Sound pressure moves one of
its plates. The movement of the plate changes the
capacitance. The electret capacitor is connected to an FET
amplifier. These microphones are small, have excellent
sensitivity, a wide frequency response and a very low cost.


First amplification stage: this is a standard self-biasing
common emitter amplifier. The 4n7 capacitor isolates the
microphone from the base voltage of the transistor and
only allows alternating current (AC) signals to pass.
The tank (LC) circuit: every transmitter needs an
oscillator to generate the radio frequency carrier waves.
The tank (LC) circuit, the BC338 and the feedback 10pF
capacitor are the oscillator in this kit An input signal is not
needed to sustain the oscillation. The feedback signal
makes the base-emitter current of the transistor vary at the
resonant frequency. This causes the emitter-collector
current to vary at the same frequency. This signal fed to
the aerial and radiated as radio waves. The 10pF coupling
capacitor on the aerial is to minimise the effect of the aerial
capacitance on the LC circuit.
The name tank circuit comes from the ability of the LC
circuit to store energy for oscillations. In a pure LC circuit
(one with no resistance) energy cannot be lost. (In an AC
network only the resistive elements will dissipate electrical
energy. The purely reactive elements, the C and the L
simply store energy to be returned to the system later.)
Note that the tank circuit does not oscillate just by having a
DC potential put across it. Positive feedback must be
provided. (Look up Hartley and Colpitts oscillators in a
reference book for more details.)
CALIBRATION
This should be done with the kit at least 10 feet from an
FM radio, preferably in another room. The kit should be
near (note ‘near’, not right next to) some source of sound,
like a TV, ticking clock or just people talking.

Plug in the
battery. Use a small screw driver or your fingernail to
move the movable plates so they are about half
overlapping. Go back to the FM radio and move the tuning
dial at around 90 - 94 MHz. Somewhere there the
transmission should be picked up.
Note that you must not hold the kit when doing this
calibration. Your own body capicitance is more than
enough to change the tank frequency of oscillation.
WHAT TO DO IF IT DOES NOT WORK
Poor soldering is the most likely reason that the circuit
does not work. Check all solder joints carefully under a
good light. Next check that all components are in their
correct position on the PCB. Thirdly, follow the track with
a voltmeter to check the potential differences at various
parts of the circuit particularly across the base, collector
and emitter of the two transistors.
Check that the following collector-emitter voltages are
present; about 2V across the 548, 5V across the 338.
If you hear an oscillation or putt-putt at all frequencies
then it is possible the unit is in oscillation due to the load
resistor on the microphone being too low. Increase it to say
22K or 47K. This should overcome the problem.
See our website for other kits
http://kitsrus.com