Wiring panel

 This is accomplished by lowering the value of R1 to 1K5. In this way an ac gain of 9 is obtained, more than sufficient for the purpose. Contrary to the two 15V positive and negative regulator ICs used in other modules of this preamp, two 9V devices were employed instead. This because the NE5532 automatically limits its output voltage into very low loads as 32 Ohm in such a way that the output amplitude of the amplified signal remains the same, either the circuit is powered at ±9V or ±15V. The choice of a ±9V supply allows less power dissipation and better performance of the amplifier close to the clipping point.
Parts:

P1___________47K Log. Potentiometer (twin concentric-spindle dual gang for stereo)
R1___________4K7 1/4W Resistor
R2___________12K 1/4W Resistor
R3,R4________33R 1/4W Resistors
R5,R6________4R7 1/4W Resistors
C1___________1µF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C2,C5________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C3,C6________22µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C4,C7________2200µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
IC1__________NE5532 Low noise Dual Op-amp
IC2__________78L09 9V 100mA Positive Regulator IC
IC3__________79L09 9V 100mA Negative Regulator IC
D1,D2_______1N4002 200V 1A Diodes
J1,J2________RCA audio input sockets
J3,J4________6mm. or 3mm. Stereo Jack sockets
J5___________Mini DC Power Socket

Notes:

• The circuit diagram shows the Left channel only and the power supply.
• Some parts are in common to both channels and must not be doubled. These parts are: P1 (if a twin concentric-spindle dual gang potentiometer is used), IC2, IC3, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, D1, D2, J3, J4 and J5.
• This module requires an external 15 - 18V ac (100mA minimum) Power Supply Adaptor.

Technical data:

Output power (1KHz sinewave):
32 Ohm: 140mW RMS
Sensitivity:
275mV input for 1V RMS output into 32 Ohm load (31mW)
584mV input for 2.12V RMS output into 32 Ohm load (140mW)
Frequency response @ 2V RMS:
Flat from 15Hz to 23KHz
Total harmonic distortion into 32 Ohm load @ 1KHz:
1V RMS and 2V RMS 0.0012%
Total harmonic distortion into 32 Ohm load @ 10KHz:
1V RMS and 2V RMS 0.0008%

Circuit Power Amplifier has a power output of up to 1500W RMS power amplifier circuit is often used to power sound systems keperlun for outdor. In the final image can be seen a series of power amplifiers using 10 sets of power transistors for the ending.

This power amplifier circuit using a transistor amplifier from the front, signal splitter, driver and power amplifier. Current consumption required is quite large power amplifier that is 15-20 A 1500W power amplifier circuits for this. Supply voltage needed by the power of this amplifier is the optimal working order symmetrical 130VDC (130VDC-130VDC ground). 1500W amplifier circuit below is a picture series of mono, stereo if you want to make it necessary to make two copies of the circuit. For more details can be viewed directly image the following 1500W power amplifier circuit.

The series of High Power Amplifier 1500W With Transistor

In the above series of power amplifer 1500W is equipped to control a DC Offset function to set the power amplifier is turned on at the moment and with no input signal then the output should be 0VDC. Then also equipped with a flow regulator to the power amplifier bias. Final part of this power amplifier requires adequate cooling to absorb the heat generated. Power amplifier is not equipped with a speaker protector, therefore it is necessary diapsang protector on the speaker output so that when the power amplifier is not the case turned on the beat to the speaker that can damage the speaker.

High-end stereo TVs

Component stereo

Compact stereo
Features :

SPiKe protection

Minimal amount of external components necessary

Quiet fade-in/out mute mode

Standby-mode

Isolated 15-lead TO-220 package

Non-Isolated 15-lead TO-220 package

Wide supply range 20V - 64V 

Its based on a Philips class-H audio amplifier IC and can deliver 36W RMS OR 70W music power, all from a 13.8V supply. Our new Mighty Midget Amplifier can really pack a punch - around 36W RMS continuous into a 4-ohm load when using a 13.8V supply. However, its the 70W of output power that it can deliver during dynamic (music) signal conditions that really make you sit up and take notice.


As can be seen from the photos and the circuit diagram, the Mighty Midget uses just a handful of parts. Its built on a PC board that measures just 104mm x 39mm but while its size may be modest, theses nothing at all modest about its power output. And the noise and distortion figures are pretty good too.

Circuit diagram:


At the heart of the circuit is the TDA1562Q IC, described by Philips as a "monolithic integrated Bridge-Tied Load (BTL) class-H high-efficiency power amplifier". It comes in a 17-pin "DIL-bent-SIL" plastic package and is not only designed for use in car audio and portable PA work but for mains applications as well; eg, mini/midi audio components and TV sound.

Parts layout:


PCB layout:


Performance:

Output power:----------------------36W RMS into 4R
Music power:-----------------------70W into 4R
Frequency response:---------------1dB down at 28Hz and 55kHz
Input sensitivity:-------------------130mV RMS (for 36W into 4?)
Harmonic distortion:----------------typically 0.2% (see graphs)
Signal-to-noise ratio:----------------95dB unweighted (22Hz to 22kHz)

Circuit Functional
I use the -85 volt when the output current is supplied to the drive 350 to 340 very hot. Increase the output present, but it was once too chilly. The output to warmth up sooner than a regular open it. Sounds evident, but sound high quality is somewhat excellent.

I recomment it by way of turning out for the evening. If the force is installed on the steel part out.

Guitar amplifiers are always an fascinating challenge. The tone controls, gain & overload characteristics are individual, & the ideal combination varies from guitarist to the next, & from guitar to the next. There is no amp that satisfies everyones requirements, & this offering is not expected to be an exception. The preamp is now at Revision-A, & although the whole schematic of the new version is not shown below, the essential characteristics are not changed - it still has the same tone control "stack" & other controls, but now has a second op amp to reduce output impedance & improve gain characteristics.

One major difference from any "store bought" amplifier is that in case you build it yourself, you can alter things to fit your own needs. The ability to experiment is the key to this circuit, which is although introduced in complete form, there is every expectation that builders will make modifications to suit themselves.

The amp is rated at 100W in to a four Ohms load, as this is typical of a "combo" type amp with 8 Ohm speakers in parallel. Alternatively, you can run the amp in to a "quad" box (four x 8 Ohm speakers in series parallel - see Figure five in Project 27b, the original editorial) and will get about 60 Watts. For the adventurous, two quad boxes and the amp head will provide 100W, but will be much louder than the twin. This is a common combination for guitarists, but it does make it hard for the sound man to bring everything else up to the same level.

A picture of the Revision-A preamp is shown below. Youll see that theres dual op amps, but the schematic only shows. This is the main part of the Rev-A update - the output section now has gain (which is basically selected), and a better buffered low output impedance. The remainder of the circuit is unchanged.

The preamp circuit is shown in Figure one, and has a few fascinating characteristics that separate it from the "normal" - assuming that there is such a thing. This is simple but elegant design, that provides excellent tonal range. The gain structure is designed to provide a immense amount of gain, which is ideal for those guitarists who like to get that fully distorted "fat" sound.

However, with a couple of simple changes, the preamp can be tamed to suit any style of playing. Likewise, the tone controls as shown have sufficient range to cover very anything from an electrified violin to a bass guitar - The response can be limited in the event you wish (by experimenting with the tone control capacitor values), but I recommend that you try it "as is" before making any changes.

From Figure one, you can see that the preamp makes use of a dual op amp as its only amplification. The lone transistor is an emitter follower, & maintains a low output impedance after the master volume control. As shown, with a typical guitar input, it is feasible to receive a fat overdrive sound by winding up the volume, & then setting the master for an appropriate level. The general frequency response is deliberately limited to prevent extreme low-end waffle, & to cut the extreme highs to help reduce noise & to limit the response to the normal requirements for guitar. In case you use the TL072 op amp as shown, you may find that noise is an issue - at high gain with lots of treble boost. I strongly recommend that you use an OPA2134 - a premium audio op amp from Los angels Instruments (Burr-Brown division), you will then find this possibly the quietest guitar amp you have ever heard (or not heard :-). At any gain setting, there is more pickup noise from my guitar than circuit noise - & for the prototype one used carbon resistors!

Notes:
one - IC pin outs are industry standard for dual op amps - pin four is -ve supply, and pin 8 is +ve supply.
two - Op amp supply pins must be bypassed to earth with 100nF caps (preferably ceramic) as close as feasible to the op amp itself.
three - Diodes are 1N4148, 1N914 or similar.
four - Pots ought to be linear for tone controls, & log for volume and master.

The power supply section (bottom left corner) connects directly to the main +/-35V power amp supply. Use one Watt zen-er diodes (D5 and D6), and make positive that the zen-er supply resistors (R18 and R19, 680 ohm one Watt) are kept away from other parts, as they will get warm in operation. Again, the preamp PCB accommodates the supply on the board.

The pin connections shown (either huge dots or "port" symbols) are the pins from the PCB. Normally, all pots would be PCB types, and mounted directly to the board. For a do-it-yourself project, that would limit the layout to that imposed by the board, so all connections use wiring. It may look a bit hard, but is simple and looks fine when the unit is done. Cable ties keep the wiring tidy, and only a single connection to the GND point ought to be used(several are provided, so select that suits your layout. VCC is +35V from the main supply, and VEE is the -35V supply.

In the event you dont require all the gain that is available, basically increase the worth of R6 (the first 4k7 resistor) - for even less noise and gain, increase R11 (the second 4k7) as well. For more gain, decrease R11 - I recommend a maximum of 2k2 here.

If the bright switch is bright ( much treble), increase the 1k resistor (R5) to tame it down again. Reduce the worth to get more bite. The tone control arrangement shown will give zero output if all controls are set to maximum - this is unlikely to be a common requirement in use, but be aware of it when testing.

The diode network at the output is designed to permit the preamp to generate a "soft" clipping characteristic when the volume is turned up. Because of the diode clipping, the power amp needs to have an input sensitivity of about 750mV for full output, otherwise it wont be feasible to get full power even with the Master gain control at the maximum setting.

Make positive that the input connectors are isolated from the chassis. The earth isolation parts in the power supply help to prevent hum ( when the amp is connected to other mains powered equipment).

If issues are encountered with this circuit, then you have made a wiring mistake .. period. A golden rule here is to check the wiring, then keep on checking it until you find the error, since I can assure you that if it does not work properly there is at least mistake, & probably more.

The input, effects & output connections are shown in Figure 1B.

Examples of class A amplifier is the basic transistor circuit common emitter (CE). Amplifier type class A is made by setting dititik bias current (usually Q) on the load line. The position of point Q such a way that is right in the middle line of the load curve VCEIC from the amplifier circuit.

The is an example circuit with common emitter NPN transistor Q1.

Line load on this amplifier determined by the resistor Rc and Re from the formula VCC = VCE + ICRC + IeRe. If Ie = Ic, it can be simplified into VCC = VCE + Ic (Rc + Re). Next line load circuit can be described by a formula them. While resistors Ra and Rb were installed to determine the bias currents. Magnitude resistors Ra and Rb in related series determining how much current Ib the cut point Q. Large Ib flows usually listed on the data sheet used transistors.

Great strengthening AC signals can be calculated with an AC signal circuit analysis theory. In an AC circuit analysis of all components of the capacitor C connected brief and the imaginary connecting the VCC to ground. With In this way a series of images 1-18 can be assembled into such picture 1-20. Resistors Ra and Rc is connected to GND and all short-circuited capacitor.

Typical class A amplifier, all output signals to work on active region. Amplifier type class A is called as a reinforcement that has fidelitas a high level. Provided the signal is still working in the active region, form the output signal will exactly match the input signal. But class A amplifier has low efficiency of approximately only 25% - 50%. Its none other since the point Q is at point A, so that although there is no input signal (or when the input signal = 0 Vac) transistors to keep working in the active region with a constant bias current. Transistor is always active (ON) so that most of the sources of supply wasted power into heat. Since this is class A transistor amplifier should be augmented with extra cooling like heatsinks are more large.

The power amp board has remained unchanged since it was first published in 2002. It definitely is not broken, so there is no reason to fix it. The picture below shows a fully assembled board (obtainable as shown as M27). Using TIP35/36C transistors, the output stage is deliberately huge overkill. This ensures reliability under the most arduous stage conditions. No amplifier can be made immune from everything, but this does come close.

The power amp (like the earlier version) is loosely based on the 60 Watt amp historically in the past published (Project 03), but its increased gain to match the preamp. Other modifications include the short circuit protection - the tiny groups of parts next to the bias diodes (D2 and D3). This new version is not massively different from the original, but has adjustable bias, and is designed to provide a "constant current" (i.e. high impedance) output to the speakers - this is achieved using R23 and R26. Note that with this arrangement, the gain will change depending on the load impedance, with lower impedance giving lower power amp gain. This is not a controversy, so may safely be ignored.

Ought to the output be shorted, the constant current output characteristic will provide an preliminary level of protection, but is not foolproof. The short circuit protection will limit the output current to a comparatively safe level, but a sustained short will cause the output transistors to fail if the amp is driven hard. The protection is designed not to operate under normal conditions, but will limit the peak output current to about 8.5 Amps. Under these conditions, the internal fuses (or the output transistors) will probably blow if the short is not detected in time.

Figure two shows the power amp PCB parts - except for R26 which doesnt mount on the board. See Figure 1B to see where this ought to be physically mounted. The bias current is adjustable, & ought to be set for about 25mA dormant current (more on this later). The recommendation for power transistors has been changed to higher power devices. This will give improved reliability under sustained heavy usage.

As shown, the power transistors will have an simple time driving any load down to four ohms. In case you dont use the PCB (or are happy to mount power transistors off the board), you can use TO3 transistors for the output stage. MJ15003/4 transistors are high power, & will run cooler because of the TO-3 casing (lower thermal resistance). Watch out for counterfeits though! Theres plenty of other high power transistors that can be used, & the amp is tolerant of substitutes (as long as their ratings are at least equal to the devices shown). The PCB can accommodate Toshiba or Motorola 150W flat-pack power transistors with relative ease - in case you desired to go that way. TIP3055/2966 or MJE3055/2955 may even be used for light or ordinary duty.

At the input finish (as shown in Figure 1B), there is provision for an auxiliary output, & an input. The latter is switched by the jack, so you can use the "Out" & "In" connections for an outside effects unit. Alternatively, the input jack can be used to connect an outside preamp to the power amp, disconnecting the preamp.

The speaker connections permit up to 8 Ohm speaker cabinets (giving four Ohms). Do not use less than four ohm lots on this amplifier - it is not designed for it, & wont give reliable service!

All the low value (i.e. 0.1 & 0.22 ohm) resistors must be rated at 5W. The 0.22 ohm resistors will get warm, so mount them away from other parts. Needless to say, I recommend using the PCB, as this has been designed for optimum performance, and the amp gives an excellent account of itself. So nice in fact, that it may even be used as a hi-fi amp, and it sounds excellent. In case you were to make use of the amp for hi-fi, the bias current ought to be increased to 50mA. Ideally, you would use better (faster / more linear) output transistors as well, but even with those specified the amp performs well indeed. This is largely because they are run at comparatively low power, and the extreme non-linearity effects would expect with only transistors do not occur because of the parallel output stage.

Make positive that the bias transistor is attached to of the drivers (the PCB is laid out to make this simple to do). A some quantity of heat sink compound as well as a cable tie will do the job well. The diodes are there to protect the amp from catastrophic failure ought to the bias servo be incorrectly wired (or set for maximum current). All diodes ought to be 1N4001 (or 1N400? - anything in the 1N400x range is fine). A heat sink is not needed for any of the driver transistors.

The life of a guitar amp is a hard, and I recommend that you use the largest heat sink you can afford, since it is common to have elevated temperatures on stage (chiefly due to all the lighting), and this reduces the safety margin that normally applies for domestic equipment. The heat sink ought to be rated at 0.5° C/Watt to permit for worst case long term operation at up to 40°C (this is not unusual on stage).

Make sure that the speaker connectors are isolated from the chassis, to keep the integrity of the earth isolation parts in the power supply, & to make sure that the high impedance output is maintained.

Now you can protect your HiFi amplifier from damage due to overheating. This circuit will cut off power to the amplifier board at the time the temperature was high. Automatically connect the power when the temperature returns to normal. This circuit uses a sensor NTC Thermister heat and also has a warning sound and reset determination.

Amplifier circuit protector is using popular timer IC NE 555 as the temperature controlled switch. The trigger pin 2 is connected to a potential divider consisting Thermister VR and NTC. Thus the voltage on pin 2 depending on the resilience and determination Thermister VR. NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) Thermister has a high resistance in the normal temperature and the resistance decreases as temperature increases. Threshold pin 6 of IC is used to reset the IC if necessary. When the pin 6 voltage gets higher than the IC pin 2 will reset and the output is low.

Power to the amplifier board is given by (NC) contact is usually connected from the relay and the switch S2. So that power to the amplifier board will be available through the NC contacts of the relay when the relay S2 and the state is not powered. Thermister resistance is governed by VR triggering pin 2 of IC peaks at normal temperatures. When the temperature inside the cabinet amplifier increases, resistance decreases so that it becomes conductive Thermister. This makes the trigger pin 2 of IC is low and its output is high. T1 works so that the relay energizes and the ringing of a bell. This will damage the electrical supply to the amplifier board. Relay will not be automatically powered when the temperature returns to normal.

Amplifier circuit protectors are very useful to protect your home sound system.

Components of the above is one component of ic which is applied as a reinforcement. Power amplifier used in an audio signal in order to become more powerful and can be heard via a tool that is the speaker. But in each set must have a voice amplifier, voltage, power quality is different.
For the IC has the output power above 2 X 40 Watt with 8 Ohm output impedance. Supply voltage ranging from 18 Volt to 32 Volt.

Power amplifiers that we sometimes raises a raft of small drone as groundingless than perfect.The following are some ways to cope with the hum of the power amplifier: 

1. Keep sensitive circuits of the transformer, casing dimensions are not too small.One blog even suggested to use two-bok, bok special one for the transformer. For the toroid transformer or amplifier with a large transformer, should only contain a series of power amps, with no tone control. 

2. Change the position of the transformer, side by side into the lower side (the transformer is high) withfacing a series of sensitive posts 

3. Use a spacer on each PCB board as high as half the height of the transformer, eg as high as 2.5 cm or more so that the PCB board parallel to the core / center of the transformer, here the effect of the weakest fields. 

4. We recommend using a stereo module instead of two mono modulesThis avoids wiring errors. If forced to, try to sizecable between the right and left modules as long and as short as possible. 

5. Should take the ground path for the speaker of ct ct elco instead of the transformer,if the board pcb mounted two big elco (like elco power supply), takeground path of the speakers here, and check to hear! 

6. Power supply for radio (TX or RX) is very sensitive, use a capacitor4x100nf, 4 pairs of these capacitors in parallel to each mem-diode (bridge). 

7. At the tone control circuit IC op-amp that uses a symmetric power supply,sufficient ground wiring is taken from the signal ground wires only. shouldIC power supply (7812) installed near the main power supply, notmounted near the tone control. 

8. Always use a stereo cable shrouded perfect (color stereo cablered-white-covered ground and wrapped in transparent skin. 

9. For power supply, use capacitors of 2200uF per ampere elco 

10. Zoom and ground wires as short as possible, especially a pair of elco (ct line between elco) power supply (can be tried for the amplifier blazer) 

11. For the amplifier should be mounted to the computer casing when not in the ground soil is diground PC casing soil 

12. Pairs of each kit to the circuit without passing groundnya nut / baud / spacer. Do not let the existing ground line at the hole pcb connected to the casing / box. Do not follow this ground. ground attached to the casing should have one. if necessary use a plastic spacerovercome the noise: 

1. Use the active component (IC) that qualified as TL084, TL074, notLM324. LM324 any brand of noise. TL084 is more guaranteed authentic yellow (ST), not white. For now, the IC TL084 is printed white-work unstable frequencyhigh (treble breaks and more noise). For IC 4558 (NE5532) use plain white silk screening JRC4558D or TL072 - TL082 yellow, LF353 noise. LM741 (NE5534) can be replaced with the Hitachi HA17741, LF351 noise may also, has never been tried.we do not have to look for the brand and the price is more expensive because it is the most low noise. 

2. If necessary, the circuit power amplifier OCL, lowering its gain by lowering the value ofresistor in the path gain from 33k to 22k speaker, mimics the gain-clone lower amplifier noise. 

3. Should simplify the circuit, the circuit is too complex is more susceptible to noise and interference. 

4. Should then potentio / volume mounted on the input-power amplifier, such as professional amplifier without tone control.